/*-
 * SPDX-FileCopyrightText: (c) 2003, 2004 Lev Walkin <vlm@lionet.info>. All rights reserved.
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-1-Clause
 */
#include <BIT_STRING.h> /* for .bits_unused member */
#include <OCTET_STRING.h>
#include <asn_internal.h>
#include <errno.h>

/*
 * OCTET STRING basic type description.
 */
static ber_tlv_tag_t asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_tags[] = {
    (ASN_TAG_CLASS_UNIVERSAL | (4 << 2))};
static asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_specs = {
    sizeof(OCTET_STRING_t), offsetof(OCTET_STRING_t, _asn_ctx), ASN_OSUBV_STR};
static asn_per_constraints_t ASN_DEF_OCTET_STRING_CONSTRAINTS = {
    {APC_CONSTRAINED, 8, 8, 0, 255},
    {APC_SEMI_CONSTRAINED, -1, -1, 0, 0},
    0,
    0};
asn_TYPE_descriptor_t asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING = {
    "OCTET STRING", /* Canonical name */
    "OCTET_STRING", /* XML tag name */
    OCTET_STRING_free,
    OCTET_STRING_print, /* non-ascii stuff, generally */
    asn_generic_no_constraint,
    OCTET_STRING_decode_ber,
    OCTET_STRING_encode_der,
    OCTET_STRING_decode_xer_hex,
    OCTET_STRING_encode_xer,
    OCTET_STRING_decode_uper, /* Unaligned PER decoder */
    OCTET_STRING_encode_uper, /* Unaligned PER encoder */
    0,                        /* Use generic outmost tag fetcher */
    asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_tags,
    sizeof(asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_tags) / sizeof(asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_tags[0]),
    asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_tags, /* Same as above */
    sizeof(asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_tags) / sizeof(asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_tags[0]),
    0, /* No PER visible constraints */
    0,
    0, /* No members */
    &asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_specs};

#undef _CH_PHASE
#undef NEXT_PHASE
#undef PREV_PHASE
#define _CH_PHASE(ctx, inc)                            \
    do                                                 \
        {                                              \
            if ((ctx)->phase == 0) (ctx)->context = 0; \
            (ctx)->phase += (inc);                     \
        }                                              \
    while (0)
#define NEXT_PHASE(ctx) _CH_PHASE(ctx, +1)
#define PREV_PHASE(ctx) _CH_PHASE(ctx, -1)

#undef ADVANCE
#define ADVANCE(num_bytes)                           \
    do                                               \
        {                                            \
            size_t num = (num_bytes);                \
            buf_ptr = ((const char *)buf_ptr) + num; \
            size -= num;                             \
            consumed_myself += num;                  \
        }                                            \
    while (0)

#undef RETURN
#define RETURN(_code)                           \
    do                                          \
        {                                       \
            asn_dec_rval_t tmprval;             \
            tmprval.code = _code;               \
            tmprval.consumed = consumed_myself; \
            return tmprval;                     \
        }                                       \
    while (0)

#undef APPEND
#define APPEND(bufptr, bufsize)                                     \
    do                                                              \
        {                                                           \
            size_t _bs = (bufsize);      /* Append size */          \
            size_t _ns = ctx->context;   /* Allocated now */        \
            size_t _es = st->size + _bs; /* Expected size */        \
            /* int is really a typeof(st->size): */                 \
            if ((int)_es < 0) RETURN(RC_FAIL);                      \
            if (_ns <= _es)                                         \
                {                                                   \
                    void *ptr;                                      \
                    /* Be nice and round to the memory allocator */ \
                    do                                              \
                        {                                           \
                            _ns = _ns ? _ns << 1 : 16;              \
                        }                                           \
                    while (_ns <= _es);                             \
                    /* int is really a typeof(st->size): */         \
                    if ((int)_ns < 0) RETURN(RC_FAIL);              \
                    ptr = REALLOC(st->buf, _ns);                    \
                    if (ptr)                                        \
                        {                                           \
                            st->buf = (uint8_t *)ptr;               \
                            ctx->context = _ns;                     \
                        }                                           \
                    else                                            \
                        {                                           \
                            RETURN(RC_FAIL);                        \
                        }                                           \
                    ASN_DEBUG("Reallocating into %ld", (long)_ns);  \
                }                                                   \
            memcpy(st->buf + st->size, bufptr, _bs);                \
            /* Convenient nul-termination */                        \
            st->buf[_es] = '\0';                                    \
            st->size = _es;                                         \
        }                                                           \
    while (0)

/*
 * The main reason why ASN.1 is still alive is that too much time and effort
 * is necessary for learning it more or less adequately, thus creating a gut
 * necessity to demonstrate that acquired skill everywhere afterwards.
 * No, I am not going to explain what the following stuff is.
 */
struct stack_el
{
    ber_tlv_len_t left; /* What's left to read (or -1) */
    ber_tlv_len_t got;  /* What was actually processed */
    int cont_level;     /* Depth of subcontainment */
    int want_nulls;     /* Want null "end of content" octets? */
    int bits_chopped;   /* Flag in BIT STRING mode */
    ber_tlv_tag_t tag;  /* For debugging purposes */
    struct stack_el *prev;
    struct stack_el *next;
};
struct stack
{
    struct stack_el *tail;
    struct stack_el *cur_ptr;
};

static struct stack_el *OS__add_stack_el(struct stack *st)
{
    struct stack_el *nel;

    /*
     * Reuse the old stack frame or allocate a new one.
     */
    if (st->cur_ptr && st->cur_ptr->next)
        {
            nel = st->cur_ptr->next;
            nel->bits_chopped = 0;
            nel->got = 0;
            /* Retain the nel->cont_level, it's correct. */
        }
    else
        {
            nel = (struct stack_el *)CALLOC(1, sizeof(struct stack_el));
            if (nel == NULL)
                {
                    return NULL;
                }

            if (st->tail)
                {
                    /* Increase a subcontainment depth */
                    nel->cont_level = st->tail->cont_level + 1;
                    st->tail->next = nel;
                }
            nel->prev = st->tail;
            st->tail = nel;
        }

    st->cur_ptr = nel;

    return nel;
}

static struct stack *new_stack()
{
    return (struct stack *)CALLOC(1, sizeof(struct stack));
}

/*
 * Decode OCTET STRING type.
 */
asn_dec_rval_t OCTET_STRING_decode_ber(asn_codec_ctx_t *opt_codec_ctx,
    asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, void **sptr,
    const void *buf_ptr, size_t size,
    int tag_mode)
{
    asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *specs =
        td->specifics ? (asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *)td->specifics
                      : &asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_specs;
    BIT_STRING_t *st = (BIT_STRING_t *)*sptr;
    asn_dec_rval_t rval;
    asn_struct_ctx_t *ctx;
    ssize_t consumed_myself = 0;
    struct stack *stck;       /* Expectations stack structure */
    struct stack_el *sel = 0; /* Stack element */
    int tlv_constr;
    enum asn_OS_Subvariant type_variant = specs->subvariant;

    ASN_DEBUG(
        "Decoding %s as %s (frame %ld)", td->name,
        (type_variant == ASN_OSUBV_STR) ? "OCTET STRING" : "OS-SpecialCase",
        (long)size);

    /*
     * Create the string if does not exist.
     */
    if (st == NULL)
        {
            st = (BIT_STRING_t *)(*sptr = CALLOC(1, specs->struct_size));
            if (st == NULL)
                {
                    RETURN(RC_FAIL);
                }
        }

    /* Restore parsing context */
    ctx = (asn_struct_ctx_t *)((char *)st + specs->ctx_offset);

    switch (ctx->phase)
        {
        case 0:
            /*
                 * Check tags.
                 */
            rval = ber_check_tags(opt_codec_ctx, td, ctx, buf_ptr, size,
                tag_mode, -1, &ctx->left, &tlv_constr);
            if (rval.code != RC_OK)
                {
                    return rval;
                }

            if (tlv_constr)
                {
                    /*
                         * Complex operation, requires stack of expectations.
                         */
                    ctx->ptr = new_stack();
                    if (ctx->ptr)
                        {
                            stck = (struct stack *)ctx->ptr;
                        }
                    else
                        {
                            RETURN(RC_FAIL);
                        }
                }
            else
                {
                    /*
                         * Jump into stackless primitive decoding.
                         */
                    _CH_PHASE(ctx, 3);
                    if (type_variant == ASN_OSUBV_ANY && tag_mode != 1)
                        {
                            APPEND(buf_ptr, rval.consumed);
                        }
                    ADVANCE(rval.consumed);
                    goto phase3;
                }

            NEXT_PHASE(ctx);
            /* Fall through */
        case 1:
        phase1:
            /*
                 * Fill the stack with expectations.
                 */
            stck = (struct stack *)ctx->ptr;
            sel = stck->cur_ptr;
            do
                {
                    ber_tlv_tag_t tlv_tag;
                    ber_tlv_len_t tlv_len;
                    ber_tlv_tag_t expected_tag;
                    ssize_t tl;
                    ssize_t ll;
                    ssize_t tlvl;
                    /* This one works even if (sel->left == -1) */
                    ssize_t Left =
                        ((!sel || (size_t)sel->left >= size) ? (ssize_t)size
                                                             : sel->left);

                    ASN_DEBUG("%p, s->l=%ld, s->wn=%ld, s->g=%ld\n", sel,
                        (sel ? sel->left : 0),
                        (long)(sel ? sel->want_nulls : 0),
                        (sel ? sel->got : 0));
                    if (sel && sel->left <= 0 && sel->want_nulls == 0)
                        {
                            if (sel->prev)
                                {
                                    struct stack_el *prev = sel->prev;
                                    if (prev->left != -1)
                                        {
                                            if (prev->left < sel->got)
                                                {
                                                    RETURN(RC_FAIL);
                                                }
                                            prev->left -= sel->got;
                                        }
                                    prev->got += sel->got;
                                    sel = stck->cur_ptr = prev;
                                    if (!sel)
                                        {
                                            break;
                                        }
                                    tlv_constr = 1;
                                    continue;
                                }
                            else
                                {
                                    sel = stck->cur_ptr = 0;
                                    break; /* Nothing to wait */
                                }
                        }

                    tl = ber_fetch_tag(buf_ptr, Left, &tlv_tag);
                    ASN_DEBUG(
                        "fetch tag(size=%ld,L=%ld), %sstack, left=%ld, "
                        "wn=%ld, "
                        "tl=%ld",
                        (long)size, (long)Left, sel ? "" : "!",
                        (sel ? sel->left : 0),
                        (long)(sel ? sel->want_nulls : 0), (long)tl);
                    switch (tl)
                        {
                        case -1:
                            RETURN(RC_FAIL);
                        case 0:
                            RETURN(RC_WMORE);
                        }

                    tlv_constr = BER_TLV_CONSTRUCTED(buf_ptr);

                    ll = ber_fetch_length(tlv_constr,
                        (const char *)buf_ptr + tl,
                        Left - tl, &tlv_len);
                    ASN_DEBUG(
                        "Got tag=%s, tc=%d, left=%ld, tl=%ld, len=%ld, "
                        "ll=%ld",
                        ber_tlv_tag_string(tlv_tag), tlv_constr, (long)Left,
                        (long)tl, (long)tlv_len, (long)ll);
                    switch (ll)
                        {
                        case -1:
                            RETURN(RC_FAIL);
                        case 0:
                            RETURN(RC_WMORE);
                        }

                    if (sel && sel->want_nulls &&
                        ((const uint8_t *)buf_ptr)[0] == 0 &&
                        ((const uint8_t *)buf_ptr)[1] == 0)
                        {
                            ASN_DEBUG("Eat EOC; wn=%d--", sel->want_nulls);

                            if (type_variant == ASN_OSUBV_ANY &&
                                (tag_mode != 1 || sel->cont_level))
                                {
                                    APPEND("\0\0", 2);
                                }

                            ADVANCE(2);
                            sel->got += 2;
                            if (sel->left != -1)
                                {
                                    sel->left -=
                                        2; /* assert(sel->left >= 2) */
                                }

                            sel->want_nulls--;
                            if (sel->want_nulls == 0)
                                {
                                    /* Move to the next expectation */
                                    sel->left = 0;
                                    tlv_constr = 1;
                                }

                            continue;
                        }

                    /*
                         * Set up expected tags,
                         * depending on ASN.1 type being decoded.
                         */
                    switch (type_variant)
                        {
                        case ASN_OSUBV_BIT:
                            /* X.690: 8.6.4.1, NOTE 2 */
                            /* Fall through */
                        case ASN_OSUBV_STR:
                        default:
                            if (sel)
                                {
                                    int level = sel->cont_level;
                                    if (level < td->all_tags_count)
                                        {
                                            expected_tag =
                                                td->all_tags[level];
                                            break;
                                        }
                                    else if (td->all_tags_count)
                                        {
                                            expected_tag =
                                                td->all_tags
                                                    [td->all_tags_count -
                                                        1];
                                            break;
                                        }
                                    /* else, Fall through */
                                }
                            /* Fall through */
                        case ASN_OSUBV_ANY:
                            expected_tag = tlv_tag;
                            break;
                        }

                    if (tlv_tag != expected_tag)
                        {
                            char buf[2][32];
                            ber_tlv_tag_snprint(tlv_tag, buf[0],
                                sizeof(buf[0]));
                            ber_tlv_tag_snprint(
                                td->tags[td->tags_count - 1], buf[1],
                                sizeof(buf[1]));
                            ASN_DEBUG(
                                "Tag does not match expectation: %s != %s",
                                buf[0], buf[1]);
                            RETURN(RC_FAIL);
                        }

                    tlvl =
                        tl + ll; /* Combined length of T and L encoding */
                    if ((tlv_len + tlvl) < 0)
                        {
                            /* tlv_len value is too big */
                            ASN_DEBUG(
                                "TLV encoding + length (%ld) is too big",
                                (long)tlv_len);
                            RETURN(RC_FAIL);
                        }

                    /*
                         * Append a new expectation.
                         */
                    sel = OS__add_stack_el(stck);
                    if (!sel)
                        {
                            RETURN(RC_FAIL);
                        }

                    sel->tag = tlv_tag;

                    sel->want_nulls = (tlv_len == -1);
                    if (sel->prev && sel->prev->left != -1)
                        {
                            /* Check that the parent frame is big enough */
                            if (sel->prev->left <
                                tlvl + (tlv_len == -1 ? 0 : tlv_len))
                                {
                                    RETURN(RC_FAIL);
                                }
                            if (tlv_len == -1)
                                {
                                    sel->left = sel->prev->left - tlvl;
                                }
                            else
                                {
                                    sel->left = tlv_len;
                                }
                        }
                    else
                        {
                            sel->left = tlv_len;
                        }
                    if (type_variant == ASN_OSUBV_ANY &&
                        (tag_mode != 1 || sel->cont_level))
                        {
                            APPEND(buf_ptr, tlvl);
                        }
                    sel->got += tlvl;
                    ADVANCE(tlvl);

                    ASN_DEBUG("+EXPECT2 got=%ld left=%ld, wn=%d, clvl=%d",
                        (long)sel->got, (long)sel->left,
                        sel->want_nulls, sel->cont_level);
                }
            while (tlv_constr);
            if (sel == NULL)
                {
                    /* Finished operation, "phase out" */
                    ASN_DEBUG("Phase out");
                    _CH_PHASE(ctx, +3);
                    break;
                }

            NEXT_PHASE(ctx);
            /* Fall through */
        case 2:
            stck = (struct stack *)ctx->ptr;
            sel = stck->cur_ptr;
            ASN_DEBUG("Phase 2: Need %ld bytes, size=%ld, alrg=%ld, wn=%d",
                (long)sel->left, (long)size, (long)sel->got,
                sel->want_nulls);
            {
                ber_tlv_len_t len;

                assert(sel->left >= 0);

                len = ((ber_tlv_len_t)size < sel->left)
                          ? (ber_tlv_len_t)size
                          : sel->left;
                if (len > 0)
                    {
                        if (type_variant == ASN_OSUBV_BIT &&
                            sel->bits_chopped == 0)
                            {
                                /* Put the unused-bits-octet away */
                                st->bits_unused = *(const uint8_t *)buf_ptr;
                                APPEND(((const char *)buf_ptr + 1),
                                    (len - 1));
                                sel->bits_chopped = 1;
                            }
                        else
                            {
                                APPEND(buf_ptr, len);
                            }
                        ADVANCE(len);
                        sel->left -= len;
                        sel->got += len;
                    }

                if (sel->left)
                    {
                        ASN_DEBUG("OS left %ld, size = %ld, wn=%d\n",
                            (long)sel->left, (long)size,
                            sel->want_nulls);
                        RETURN(RC_WMORE);
                    }

                PREV_PHASE(ctx);
                goto phase1;
            }
            break;
        case 3:
        phase3:
            /*
                 * Primitive form, no stack required.
                 */
            assert(ctx->left >= 0);

            if (size < (size_t)ctx->left)
                {
                    if (!size)
                        {
                            RETURN(RC_WMORE);
                        }
                    if (type_variant == ASN_OSUBV_BIT && !ctx->context)
                        {
                            st->bits_unused = *(const uint8_t *)buf_ptr;
                            ctx->left--;
                            ADVANCE(1);
                        }
                    APPEND(buf_ptr, size);
                    assert(ctx->context > 0);
                    ctx->left -= size;
                    ADVANCE(size);
                    RETURN(RC_WMORE);
                }
            else
                {
                    if (type_variant == ASN_OSUBV_BIT && !ctx->context &&
                        ctx->left)
                        {
                            st->bits_unused = *(const uint8_t *)buf_ptr;
                            ctx->left--;
                            ADVANCE(1);
                        }
                    APPEND(buf_ptr, ctx->left);
                    ADVANCE(ctx->left);
                    ctx->left = 0;

                    NEXT_PHASE(ctx);
                }
            break;
        }

    if (sel)
        {
            ASN_DEBUG("3sel p=%p, wn=%d, l=%ld, g=%ld, size=%ld", sel->prev,
                sel->want_nulls, (long)sel->left, (long)sel->got,
                (long)size);
            if (sel->prev || sel->want_nulls > 1 || sel->left > 0)
                {
                    RETURN(RC_WMORE);
                }
        }

    /*
     * BIT STRING-specific processing.
     */
    if (type_variant == ASN_OSUBV_BIT && st->size)
        {
            /* Finalize BIT STRING: zero out unused bits. */
            st->buf[st->size - 1] &= 0xff << st->bits_unused;
        }

    ASN_DEBUG("Took %ld bytes to encode %s: [%s]:%ld", (long)consumed_myself,
        td->name,
        (type_variant == ASN_OSUBV_STR) ? (char *)st->buf : "<data>",
        (long)st->size);

    RETURN(RC_OK);
}

/*
 * Encode OCTET STRING type using DER.
 */
asn_enc_rval_t OCTET_STRING_encode_der(asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, void *sptr,
    int tag_mode, ber_tlv_tag_t tag,
    asn_app_consume_bytes_f *cb,
    void *app_key)
{
    asn_enc_rval_t er;
    asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *specs =
        td->specifics ? (asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *)td->specifics
                      : &asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_specs;
    BIT_STRING_t *st = (BIT_STRING_t *)sptr;
    enum asn_OS_Subvariant type_variant = specs->subvariant;
    int fix_last_byte = 0;

    ASN_DEBUG("%s %s as OCTET STRING", cb ? "Estimating" : "Encoding",
        td->name);

    /*
     * Write tags.
     */
    if (type_variant != ASN_OSUBV_ANY || tag_mode == 1)
        {
            er.encoded = der_write_tags(
                td, (type_variant == ASN_OSUBV_BIT) + st->size, tag_mode,
                type_variant == ASN_OSUBV_ANY, tag, cb, app_key);
            if (er.encoded == -1)
                {
                    er.failed_type = td;
                    er.structure_ptr = sptr;
                    return er;
                }
        }
    else
        {
            /* Disallow: [<tag>] IMPLICIT ANY */
            assert(type_variant != ASN_OSUBV_ANY || tag_mode != -1);
            er.encoded = 0;
        }

    if (!cb)
        {
            er.encoded += (type_variant == ASN_OSUBV_BIT) + st->size;
            _ASN_ENCODED_OK(er);
        }

    /*
     * Prepare to deal with the last octet of BIT STRING.
     */
    if (type_variant == ASN_OSUBV_BIT)
        {
            uint8_t b = st->bits_unused & 0x07;
            if (b && st->size)
                {
                    fix_last_byte = 1;
                }
            _ASN_CALLBACK(&b, 1);
            er.encoded++;
        }

    /* Invoke callback for the main part of the buffer */
    _ASN_CALLBACK(st->buf, st->size - fix_last_byte);

    /* The last octet should be stripped off the unused bits */
    if (fix_last_byte)
        {
            uint8_t b = st->buf[st->size - 1] & (0xff << st->bits_unused);
            _ASN_CALLBACK(&b, 1);
        }

    er.encoded += st->size;
    _ASN_ENCODED_OK(er);
cb_failed:
    _ASN_ENCODE_FAILED;
}

asn_enc_rval_t OCTET_STRING_encode_xer(asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, void *sptr,
    int ilevel,
    enum xer_encoder_flags_e flags,
    asn_app_consume_bytes_f *cb,
    void *app_key)
{
    static const char *h2c = "0123456789ABCDEF";
    const OCTET_STRING_t *st = (const OCTET_STRING_t *)sptr;
    asn_enc_rval_t er;
    char scratch[16 * 3 + 4];
    char *p = scratch;
    uint8_t *buf;
    uint8_t *end;
    size_t i;

    if (!st || (!st->buf && st->size))
        {
            _ASN_ENCODE_FAILED;
        }

    er.encoded = 0;

    /*
     * Dump the contents of the buffer in hexadecimal.
     */
    buf = st->buf;
    end = buf + st->size;
    if (flags & XER_F_CANONICAL)
        {
            char *scend = scratch + (sizeof(scratch) - 2);
            for (; buf < end; buf++)
                {
                    if (p >= scend)
                        {
                            _ASN_CALLBACK(scratch, p - scratch);
                            er.encoded += p - scratch;
                            p = scratch;
                        }
                    *p++ = h2c[(*buf >> 4) & 0x0F];
                    *p++ = h2c[*buf & 0x0F];
                }

            _ASN_CALLBACK(scratch, p - scratch); /* Dump the rest */
            er.encoded += p - scratch;
        }
    else
        {
            for (i = 0; buf < end; buf++, i++)
                {
                    if (!(i % 16) && (i || st->size > 16))
                        {
                            _ASN_CALLBACK(scratch, p - scratch);
                            er.encoded += (p - scratch);
                            p = scratch;
                            _i_ASN_TEXT_INDENT(1, ilevel);
                        }
                    *p++ = h2c[(*buf >> 4) & 0x0F];
                    *p++ = h2c[*buf & 0x0F];
                    *p++ = 0x20;
                }
            if (p - scratch)
                {
                    p--;                                 /* Remove the tail space */
                    _ASN_CALLBACK(scratch, p - scratch); /* Dump the rest */
                    er.encoded += p - scratch;
                    if (st->size > 16)
                        {
                            _i_ASN_TEXT_INDENT(1, ilevel - 1);
                        }
                }
        }

    _ASN_ENCODED_OK(er);
cb_failed:
    _ASN_ENCODE_FAILED;
}

static struct OCTET_STRING__xer_escape_table_s
{
    char *string;
    int size;
} OCTET_STRING__xer_escape_table[] = {
#define OSXET(s)         \
    {                    \
        s, sizeof(s) - 1 \
    }
    OSXET("\074\156\165\154\057\076"), /* <nul/> */
    OSXET("\074\163\157\150\057\076"), /* <soh/> */
    OSXET("\074\163\164\170\057\076"), /* <stx/> */
    OSXET("\074\145\164\170\057\076"), /* <etx/> */
    OSXET("\074\145\157\164\057\076"), /* <eot/> */
    OSXET("\074\145\156\161\057\076"), /* <enq/> */
    OSXET("\074\141\143\153\057\076"), /* <ack/> */
    OSXET("\074\142\145\154\057\076"), /* <bel/> */
    OSXET("\074\142\163\057\076"),     /* <bs/> */
    OSXET("\011"),                     /* \t */
    OSXET("\012"),                     /* \n */
    OSXET("\074\166\164\057\076"),     /* <vt/> */
    OSXET("\074\146\146\057\076"),     /* <ff/> */
    OSXET("\015"),                     /* \r */
    OSXET("\074\163\157\057\076"),     /* <so/> */
    OSXET("\074\163\151\057\076"),     /* <si/> */
    OSXET("\074\144\154\145\057\076"), /* <dle/> */
    OSXET("\074\144\143\061\057\076"), /* <de1/> */
    OSXET("\074\144\143\062\057\076"), /* <de2/> */
    OSXET("\074\144\143\063\057\076"), /* <de3/> */
    OSXET("\074\144\143\064\057\076"), /* <de4/> */
    OSXET("\074\156\141\153\057\076"), /* <nak/> */
    OSXET("\074\163\171\156\057\076"), /* <syn/> */
    OSXET("\074\145\164\142\057\076"), /* <etb/> */
    OSXET("\074\143\141\156\057\076"), /* <can/> */
    OSXET("\074\145\155\057\076"),     /* <em/> */
    OSXET("\074\163\165\142\057\076"), /* <sub/> */
    OSXET("\074\145\163\143\057\076"), /* <esc/> */
    OSXET("\074\151\163\064\057\076"), /* <is4/> */
    OSXET("\074\151\163\063\057\076"), /* <is3/> */
    OSXET("\074\151\163\062\057\076"), /* <is2/> */
    OSXET("\074\151\163\061\057\076"), /* <is1/> */
    {0, 0},                            /* " " */
    {0, 0},                            /* ! */
    {0, 0},                            /* \" */
    {0, 0},                            /* # */
    {0, 0},                            /* $ */
    {0, 0},                            /* % */
    OSXET("\046\141\155\160\073"),     /* &amp; */
    {0, 0},                            /* ' */
    {0, 0},
    {0, 0},
    {0, 0},
    {0, 0},
    {0, 0},
    {0, 0},
    {0, 0},
    {0, 0}, /* ()*+,-./ */
    {0, 0},
    {0, 0},
    {0, 0},
    {0, 0},
    {0, 0},
    {0, 0},
    {0, 0},
    {0, 0}, /* 01234567 */
    {0, 0},
    {0, 0},
    {0, 0},
    {0, 0},                    /* 89:; */
    OSXET("\046\154\164\073"), /* &lt; */
    {0, 0},                    /* = */
    OSXET("\046\147\164\073"), /* &gt; */
};

static int OS__check_escaped_control_char(const void *buf, int size)
{
    size_t i;
    /*
     * Inefficient algorithm which translates the escape sequences
     * defined above into characters. Returns -1 if not found.
     * TODO: replace by a faster algorithm (bsearch(), hash or
     * nested table lookups).
     */
    for (i = 0; i < 32 /* Don't spend time on the bottom half */; i++)
        {
            struct OCTET_STRING__xer_escape_table_s *el;
            el = &OCTET_STRING__xer_escape_table[i];
            if (el->size == size && memcmp(buf, el->string, size) == 0)
                {
                    return i;
                }
        }
    return -1;
}

static int OCTET_STRING__handle_control_chars(void *struct_ptr,
    const void *chunk_buf,
    size_t chunk_size)
{
    /*
     * This might be one of the escape sequences
     * for control characters. Check it out.
     * #11.15.5
     */
    int control_char = OS__check_escaped_control_char(chunk_buf, chunk_size);
    if (control_char >= 0)
        {
            OCTET_STRING_t *st = (OCTET_STRING_t *)struct_ptr;
            void *p = REALLOC(st->buf, st->size + 2);
            if (p)
                {
                    st->buf = (uint8_t *)p;
                    st->buf[st->size++] = control_char;
                    st->buf[st->size] = '\0'; /* nul-termination */
                    return 0;
                }
        }

    return -1; /* No, it's not */
}

asn_enc_rval_t OCTET_STRING_encode_xer_utf8(asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td,
    void *sptr, int ilevel,
    enum xer_encoder_flags_e flags,
    asn_app_consume_bytes_f *cb,
    void *app_key)
{
    const OCTET_STRING_t *st = (const OCTET_STRING_t *)sptr;
    asn_enc_rval_t er;
    uint8_t *buf;
    uint8_t *end;
    uint8_t *ss; /* Sequence start */
    ssize_t encoded_len = 0;

    (void)ilevel; /* Unused argument */
    (void)flags;  /* Unused argument */

    if (!st || (!st->buf && st->size))
        {
            _ASN_ENCODE_FAILED;
        }

    buf = st->buf;
    end = buf + st->size;
    for (ss = buf; buf < end; buf++)
        {
            unsigned int ch = *buf;
            int s_len; /* Special encoding sequence length */

            /*
             * Escape certain characters: X.680/11.15
             */
            if (ch < sizeof(OCTET_STRING__xer_escape_table) /
                         sizeof(OCTET_STRING__xer_escape_table[0]) &&
                (s_len = OCTET_STRING__xer_escape_table[ch].size))
                {
                    if (((buf - ss) && cb(ss, buf - ss, app_key) < 0) ||
                        cb(OCTET_STRING__xer_escape_table[ch].string, s_len,
                            app_key) < 0)
                        {
                            _ASN_ENCODE_FAILED;
                        }
                    encoded_len += (buf - ss) + s_len;
                    ss = buf + 1;
                }
        }

    encoded_len += (buf - ss);
    if ((buf - ss) && cb(ss, buf - ss, app_key) < 0)
        {
            _ASN_ENCODE_FAILED;
        }

    er.encoded = encoded_len;
    _ASN_ENCODED_OK(er);
}

/*
 * Convert from hexadecimal format (cstring): "AB CD EF"
 */
static ssize_t OCTET_STRING__convert_hexadecimal(void *sptr,
    const void *chunk_buf,
    size_t chunk_size,
    int have_more)
{
    OCTET_STRING_t *st = (OCTET_STRING_t *)sptr;
    const char *chunk_stop = (const char *)chunk_buf;
    const char *p = chunk_stop;
    const char *pend = p + chunk_size;
    unsigned int clv = 0;
    int half = 0; /* Half bit */
    uint8_t *buf;

    /* Reallocate buffer according to high cap estimation */
    ssize_t _ns = st->size + (chunk_size + 1) / 2;
    void *nptr = REALLOC(st->buf, _ns + 1);
    if (!nptr)
        {
            return -1;
        }
    st->buf = (uint8_t *)nptr;
    buf = st->buf + st->size;

    /*
     * If something like " a b c " appears here, the " a b":3 will be
     * converted, and the rest skipped. That is, unless buf_size is greater
     * than chunk_size, then it'll be equivalent to "ABC0".
     */
    for (; p < pend; p++)
        {
            int ch = *(const unsigned char *)p;
            switch (ch)
                {
                case 0x09:
                case 0x0a:
                case 0x0c:
                case 0x0d:
                case 0x20:
                    /* Ignore whitespace */
                    continue;
                case 0x30:
                case 0x31:
                case 0x32:
                case 0x33:
                case 0x34: /*01234*/
                case 0x35:
                case 0x36:
                case 0x37:
                case 0x38:
                case 0x39: /*56789*/
                    clv = (clv << 4) + (ch - 0x30);
                    break;
                case 0x41:
                case 0x42:
                case 0x43: /* ABC */
                case 0x44:
                case 0x45:
                case 0x46: /* DEF */
                    clv = (clv << 4) + (ch - 0x41 + 10);
                    break;
                case 0x61:
                case 0x62:
                case 0x63: /* abc */
                case 0x64:
                case 0x65:
                case 0x66: /* def */
                    clv = (clv << 4) + (ch - 0x61 + 10);
                    break;
                default:
                    *buf = 0; /* JIC */
                    return -1;
                }
            if (half++)
                {
                    half = 0;
                    *buf++ = clv;
                    chunk_stop = p + 1;
                }
        }

    /*
     * Check partial decoding.
     */
    if (half)
        {
            if (have_more)
                {
                    /*
                     * Partial specification is fine,
                     * because no more more PXER_TEXT data is available.
                     */
                    *buf++ = clv << 4;
                    chunk_stop = p;
                }
        }
    else
        {
            chunk_stop = p;
        }

    st->size = buf - st->buf; /* Adjust the buffer size */
    assert(st->size <= _ns);
    st->buf[st->size] = 0; /* Courtesy termination */

    return (chunk_stop - (const char *)chunk_buf); /* Converted size */
}

/*
 * Convert from binary format: "00101011101"
 */
static ssize_t OCTET_STRING__convert_binary(void *sptr, const void *chunk_buf,
    size_t chunk_size, int have_more)
{
    BIT_STRING_t *st = (BIT_STRING_t *)sptr;
    const char *p = (const char *)chunk_buf;
    const char *pend = p + chunk_size;
    int bits_unused = st->bits_unused & 0x7;
    uint8_t *buf;

    /* Reallocate buffer according to high cap estimation */
    ssize_t _ns = st->size + (chunk_size + 7) / 8;
    void *nptr = REALLOC(st->buf, _ns + 1);
    if (!nptr)
        {
            return -1;
        }
    st->buf = (uint8_t *)nptr;
    buf = st->buf + st->size;

    (void)have_more;

    if (bits_unused == 0)
        {
            bits_unused = 8;
        }
    else if (st->size)
        {
            buf--;
        }

    /*
     * Convert series of 0 and 1 into the octet string.
     */
    for (; p < pend; p++)
        {
            int ch = *(const unsigned char *)p;
            switch (ch)
                {
                case 0x09:
                case 0x0a:
                case 0x0c:
                case 0x0d:
                case 0x20:
                    /* Ignore whitespace */
                    break;
                case 0x30:
                case 0x31:
                    if (bits_unused-- <= 0)
                        {
                            *++buf = 0; /* Clean the cell */
                            bits_unused = 7;
                        }
                    *buf |= (ch & 1) << bits_unused;
                    break;
                default:
                    st->bits_unused = bits_unused;
                    return -1;
                }
        }

    if (bits_unused == 8)
        {
            st->size = buf - st->buf;
            st->bits_unused = 0;
        }
    else
        {
            st->size = buf - st->buf + 1;
            st->bits_unused = bits_unused;
        }

    assert(st->size <= _ns);
    st->buf[st->size] = 0; /* Courtesy termination */

    return chunk_size; /* Converted in full */
}

/*
 * Something like strtod(), but with stricter rules.
 */
static int OS__strtoent(int base, const char *buf, const char *end,
    int32_t *ret_value)
{
    int32_t val = 0;
    const char *p;

    for (p = buf; p < end; p++)
        {
            int ch = *p;

            /* Strange huge value */
            if ((val * base + base) < 0)
                {
                    return -1;
                }

            switch (ch)
                {
                case 0x30:
                case 0x31:
                case 0x32:
                case 0x33:
                case 0x34: /*01234*/
                case 0x35:
                case 0x36:
                case 0x37:
                case 0x38:
                case 0x39: /*56789*/
                    val = val * base + (ch - 0x30);
                    break;
                case 0x41:
                case 0x42:
                case 0x43: /* ABC */
                case 0x44:
                case 0x45:
                case 0x46: /* DEF */
                    val = val * base + (ch - 0x41 + 10);
                    break;
                case 0x61:
                case 0x62:
                case 0x63: /* abc */
                case 0x64:
                case 0x65:
                case 0x66: /* def */
                    val = val * base + (ch - 0x61 + 10);
                    break;
                case 0x3b: /* ';' */
                    *ret_value = val;
                    return (p - buf) + 1;
                default:
                    return -1; /* Character set error */
                }
        }

    *ret_value = -1;
    return (p - buf);
}

/*
 * Convert from the plain UTF-8 format, expanding entity references: "2 &lt; 3"
 */
static ssize_t OCTET_STRING__convert_entrefs(void *sptr, const void *chunk_buf,
    size_t chunk_size, int have_more)
{
    OCTET_STRING_t *st = (OCTET_STRING_t *)sptr;
    const char *p = (const char *)chunk_buf;
    const char *pend = p + chunk_size;
    uint8_t *buf;

    /* Reallocate buffer */
    ssize_t _ns = st->size + chunk_size;
    void *nptr = REALLOC(st->buf, _ns + 1);
    if (!nptr)
        {
            return -1;
        }
    st->buf = (uint8_t *)nptr;
    buf = st->buf + st->size;

    /*
     * Convert series of 0 and 1 into the octet string.
     */
    for (; p < pend; p++)
        {
            int ch = *(const unsigned char *)p;
            int len; /* Length of the rest of the chunk */

            if (ch != 0x26 /* '&' */)
                {
                    *buf++ = ch;
                    continue; /* That was easy... */
                }

            /*
             * Process entity reference.
             */
            len = chunk_size - (p - (const char *)chunk_buf);
            if (len == 1 /* "&" */)
                {
                    goto want_more;
                }
            if (p[1] == 0x23 /* '#' */)
                {
                    const char *pval; /* Pointer to start of digits */
                    int32_t val = 0;  /* Entity reference value */
                    int base;

                    if (len == 2 /* "&#" */)
                        {
                            goto want_more;
                        }
                    if (p[2] == 0x78 /* 'x' */)
                        {
                            pval = p + 3, base = 16;
                        }
                    else
                        {
                            pval = p + 2, base = 10;
                        }
                    len = OS__strtoent(base, pval, p + len, &val);
                    if (len == -1)
                        {
                            /* Invalid charset. Just copy verbatim. */
                            *buf++ = ch;
                            continue;
                        }
                    if (!len || pval[len - 1] != 0x3b)
                        {
                            goto want_more;
                        }
                    assert(val > 0);
                    p += (pval - p) + len - 1; /* Advance past entref */

                    if (val < 0x80)
                        {
                            *buf++ = (char)val;
                        }
                    else if (val < 0x800)
                        {
                            *buf++ = 0xc0 | ((val >> 6));
                            *buf++ = 0x80 | ((val & 0x3f));
                        }
                    else if (val < 0x10000)
                        {
                            *buf++ = 0xe0 | ((val >> 12));
                            *buf++ = 0x80 | ((val >> 6) & 0x3f);
                            *buf++ = 0x80 | ((val & 0x3f));
                        }
                    else if (val < 0x200000)
                        {
                            *buf++ = 0xf0 | ((val >> 18));
                            *buf++ = 0x80 | ((val >> 12) & 0x3f);
                            *buf++ = 0x80 | ((val >> 6) & 0x3f);
                            *buf++ = 0x80 | ((val & 0x3f));
                        }
                    else if (val < 0x4000000)
                        {
                            *buf++ = 0xf8 | ((val >> 24));
                            *buf++ = 0x80 | ((val >> 18) & 0x3f);
                            *buf++ = 0x80 | ((val >> 12) & 0x3f);
                            *buf++ = 0x80 | ((val >> 6) & 0x3f);
                            *buf++ = 0x80 | ((val & 0x3f));
                        }
                    else
                        {
                            *buf++ = 0xfc | ((val >> 30) & 0x1);
                            *buf++ = 0x80 | ((val >> 24) & 0x3f);
                            *buf++ = 0x80 | ((val >> 18) & 0x3f);
                            *buf++ = 0x80 | ((val >> 12) & 0x3f);
                            *buf++ = 0x80 | ((val >> 6) & 0x3f);
                            *buf++ = 0x80 | ((val & 0x3f));
                        }
                }
            else
                {
                    /*
                     * Ugly, limited parsing of &amp; &gt; &lt;
                     */
                    char *sc = (char *)memchr(p, 0x3b, len > 5 ? 5 : len);
                    if (!sc)
                        {
                            goto want_more;
                        }
                    if ((sc - p) == 4 && p[1] == 0x61 /* 'a' */
                        && p[2] == 0x6d               /* 'm' */
                        && p[3] == 0x70 /* 'p' */)
                        {
                            *buf++ = 0x26;
                            p = sc;
                            continue;
                        }
                    if ((sc - p) == 3)
                        {
                            if (p[1] == 0x6c)
                                {
                                    *buf = 0x3c; /* '<' */
                                }
                            else if (p[1] == 0x67)
                                {
                                    *buf = 0x3e; /* '>' */
                                }
                            else
                                {
                                    /* Unsupported entity reference */
                                    *buf++ = ch;
                                    continue;
                                }
                            if (p[2] != 0x74)
                                {
                                    /* Unsupported entity reference */
                                    *buf++ = ch;
                                    continue;
                                }
                            buf++;
                            p = sc;
                            continue;
                        }
                    /* Unsupported entity reference */
                    *buf++ = ch;
                }

            continue;
        want_more:
            if (have_more)
                {
                    /*
                     * We know that no more data (of the same type)
                     * is coming. Copy the rest verbatim.
                     */
                    *buf++ = ch;
                    continue;
                }
            chunk_size = (p - (const char *)chunk_buf);
            /* Processing stalled: need more data */
            break;
        }

    st->size = buf - st->buf;
    assert(st->size <= _ns);
    st->buf[st->size] = 0; /* Courtesy termination */

    return chunk_size; /* Converted in full */
}

/*
 * Decode OCTET STRING from the XML element's body.
 */
static asn_dec_rval_t OCTET_STRING__decode_xer(
    asn_codec_ctx_t *opt_codec_ctx, asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, void **sptr,
    const char *opt_mname, const void *buf_ptr, size_t size,
    int (*opt_unexpected_tag_decoder)(void *struct_ptr, const void *chunk_buf,
        size_t chunk_size),
    ssize_t (*body_receiver)(void *struct_ptr, const void *chunk_buf,
        size_t chunk_size, int have_more))
{
    OCTET_STRING_t *st = (OCTET_STRING_t *)*sptr;
    asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *specs =
        td->specifics ? (asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *)td->specifics
                      : &asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_specs;
    const char *xml_tag = opt_mname ? opt_mname : td->xml_tag;
    asn_struct_ctx_t *ctx; /* Per-structure parser context */
    asn_dec_rval_t rval;   /* Return value from the decoder */
    int st_allocated;

    /*
     * Create the string if does not exist.
     */
    if (!st)
        {
            st = (OCTET_STRING_t *)CALLOC(1, specs->struct_size);
            *sptr = (void *)st;
            if (!st)
                {
                    goto sta_failed;
                }
            st_allocated = 1;
        }
    else
        {
            st_allocated = 0;
        }
    if (!st->buf)
        {
            /* This is separate from above section */
            st->buf = (uint8_t *)CALLOC(1, 1);
            if (!st->buf)
                {
                    if (st_allocated)
                        {
                            *sptr = 0;
                            goto stb_failed;
                        }
                    else
                        {
                            goto sta_failed;
                        }
                }
        }

    /* Restore parsing context */
    ctx = (asn_struct_ctx_t *)(((char *)*sptr) + specs->ctx_offset);

    return xer_decode_general(opt_codec_ctx, ctx, *sptr, xml_tag, buf_ptr, size,
        opt_unexpected_tag_decoder, body_receiver);

stb_failed:
    FREEMEM(st);
sta_failed:
    rval.code = RC_FAIL;
    rval.consumed = 0;
    return rval;
}

/*
 * Decode OCTET STRING from the hexadecimal data.
 */
asn_dec_rval_t OCTET_STRING_decode_xer_hex(asn_codec_ctx_t *opt_codec_ctx,
    asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td,
    void **sptr, const char *opt_mname,
    const void *buf_ptr, size_t size)
{
    return OCTET_STRING__decode_xer(opt_codec_ctx, td, sptr, opt_mname, buf_ptr,
        size, 0, OCTET_STRING__convert_hexadecimal);
}

/*
 * Decode OCTET STRING from the binary (0/1) data.
 */
asn_dec_rval_t OCTET_STRING_decode_xer_binary(asn_codec_ctx_t *opt_codec_ctx,
    asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td,
    void **sptr,
    const char *opt_mname,
    const void *buf_ptr, size_t size)
{
    return OCTET_STRING__decode_xer(opt_codec_ctx, td, sptr, opt_mname, buf_ptr,
        size, 0, OCTET_STRING__convert_binary);
}

/*
 * Decode OCTET STRING from the string (ASCII/UTF-8) data.
 */
asn_dec_rval_t OCTET_STRING_decode_xer_utf8(asn_codec_ctx_t *opt_codec_ctx,
    asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td,
    void **sptr, const char *opt_mname,
    const void *buf_ptr, size_t size)
{
    return OCTET_STRING__decode_xer(opt_codec_ctx, td, sptr, opt_mname, buf_ptr,
        size, OCTET_STRING__handle_control_chars,
        OCTET_STRING__convert_entrefs);
}

static int OCTET_STRING_per_get_characters(asn_per_data_t *po, uint8_t *buf,
    size_t units, unsigned int bpc,
    unsigned int unit_bits, long lb,
    long ub, asn_per_constraints_t *pc)
{
    uint8_t *end = buf + units * bpc;

    ASN_DEBUG("Expanding %d characters into (%ld..%ld):%d", (int)units, lb, ub,
        unit_bits);

    /* X.691: 27.5.4 */
    if ((unsigned long)ub <= ((unsigned long)2 << (unit_bits - 1)))
        {
            /* Decode without translation */
            lb = 0;
        }
    else if (pc && pc->code2value)
        {
            if (unit_bits > 16)
                {
                    return 1;
                } /* FATAL: can't have constrained
                           * UniversalString with more than
                           * 16 million code points */
            for (; buf < end; buf += bpc)
                {
                    int value;
                    int code = per_get_few_bits(po, unit_bits);
                    if (code < 0)
                        {
                            return -1; /* WMORE */
                        }
                    value = pc->code2value(code);
                    if (value < 0)
                        {
                            ASN_DEBUG(
                                "Code %d (0x%02x) is"
                                " not in map (%ld..%ld)",
                                code, code, lb, ub);
                            return 1; /* FATAL */
                        }
                    switch (bpc)
                        {
                        case 1:
                            *buf = value;
                            break;
                        case 2:
                            buf[0] = value >> 8;
                            buf[1] = value;
                            break;
                        case 4:
                            buf[0] = value >> 24;
                            buf[1] = value >> 16;
                            buf[2] = value >> 8;
                            buf[3] = value;
                            break;
                        }
                }
            return 0;
        }

    /* Shortcut the no-op copying to the aligned structure */
    if (lb == 0 && (unit_bits == 8 * bpc))
        {
            return per_get_many_bits(po, buf, 0, unit_bits * units);
        }

    for (; buf < end; buf += bpc)
        {
            int code = per_get_few_bits(po, unit_bits);
            int ch = code + lb;
            if (code < 0)
                {
                    return -1; /* WMORE */
                }
            if (ch > ub)
                {
                    ASN_DEBUG("Code %d is out of range (%ld..%ld)", ch, lb, ub);
                    return 1; /* FATAL */
                }
            switch (bpc)
                {
                case 1:
                    *buf = ch;
                    break;
                case 2:
                    buf[0] = ch >> 8;
                    buf[1] = ch;
                    break;
                case 4:
                    buf[0] = ch >> 24;
                    buf[1] = ch >> 16;
                    buf[2] = ch >> 8;
                    buf[3] = ch;
                    break;
                }
        }

    return 0;
}

static int OCTET_STRING_per_put_characters(asn_per_outp_t *po,
    const uint8_t *buf, size_t units,
    unsigned int bpc,
    unsigned int unit_bits, long lb,
    long ub, asn_per_constraints_t *pc)
{
    const uint8_t *end = buf + units * bpc;

    ASN_DEBUG("Squeezing %d characters into (%ld..%ld):%d (%d bpc)", (int)units,
        lb, ub, unit_bits, bpc);

    /* X.691: 27.5.4 */
    if ((unsigned long)ub <= ((unsigned long)2 << (unit_bits - 1)))
        {
            /* Encode as is */
            lb = 0;
        }
    else if (pc && pc->value2code)
        {
            for (; buf < end; buf += bpc)
                {
                    int code;
                    uint32_t value;
                    switch (bpc)
                        {
                        case 1:
                            value = *buf;
                            break;
                        case 2:
                            value = (buf[0] << 8) | buf[1];
                            break;
                        case 4:
                            value = (buf[0] << 24) | (buf[1] << 16) |
                                    (buf[2] << 8) | buf[3];
                            break;
                        default:
                            return -1;
                        }
                    code = pc->value2code(value);
                    if (code < 0)
                        {
                            ASN_DEBUG(
                                "Character %d (0x%02x) is"
                                " not in map (%ld..%ld)",
                                *buf, *buf, lb, ub);
                            return -1;
                        }
                    if (per_put_few_bits(po, code, unit_bits))
                        {
                            return -1;
                        }
                }
        }

    /* Shortcut the no-op copying to the aligned structure */
    if (lb == 0 && (unit_bits == 8 * bpc))
        {
            return per_put_many_bits(po, buf, unit_bits * units);
        }

    for (ub -= lb; buf < end; buf += bpc)
        {
            int ch;
            uint32_t value;
            switch (bpc)
                {
                case 1:
                    value = *buf;
                    break;
                case 2:
                    value = (buf[0] << 8) | buf[1];
                    break;
                case 4:
                    value = (buf[0] << 24) | (buf[1] << 16) |
                            (buf[2] << 8) | buf[3];
                    break;
                default:
                    return -1;
                }
            ch = value - lb;
            if (ch < 0 || ch > ub)
                {
                    ASN_DEBUG(
                        "Character %d (0x%02x)"
                        " is out of range (%ld..%ld)",
                        *buf, *buf, lb, ub + lb);
                    return -1;
                }
            if (per_put_few_bits(po, ch, unit_bits))
                {
                    return -1;
                }
        }

    return 0;
}

asn_dec_rval_t OCTET_STRING_decode_uper(asn_codec_ctx_t *opt_codec_ctx,
    asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td,
    asn_per_constraints_t *constraints,
    void **sptr, asn_per_data_t *pd)
{
    asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *specs =
        td->specifics ? (asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *)td->specifics
                      : &asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_specs;
    asn_per_constraints_t *pc = constraints ? constraints : td->per_constraints;
    asn_per_constraint_t *cval;
    asn_per_constraint_t *csiz;
    asn_dec_rval_t rval = {RC_OK, 0};
    BIT_STRING_t *st = (BIT_STRING_t *)*sptr;
    ssize_t consumed_myself = 0;
    int repeat;
    enum
    {
        OS__BPC_BIT = 0,
        OS__BPC_CHAR = 1,
        OS__BPC_U16 = 2,
        OS__BPC_U32 = 4
    } bpc; /* Bytes per character */
    unsigned int unit_bits;
    unsigned int canonical_unit_bits;

    (void)opt_codec_ctx;

    if (pc)
        {
            cval = &pc->value;
            csiz = &pc->size;
        }
    else
        {
            cval = &ASN_DEF_OCTET_STRING_CONSTRAINTS.value;
            csiz = &ASN_DEF_OCTET_STRING_CONSTRAINTS.size;
        }

    switch (specs->subvariant)
        {
        default:
        case ASN_OSUBV_ANY:
            ASN_DEBUG("Unrecognized subvariant %d", specs->subvariant);
            RETURN(RC_FAIL);
        case ASN_OSUBV_BIT:
            canonical_unit_bits = unit_bits = 1;
            bpc = OS__BPC_BIT;
            break;
        case ASN_OSUBV_STR:
            canonical_unit_bits = unit_bits = 8;
            if (cval->flags & APC_CONSTRAINED)
                {
                    unit_bits = cval->range_bits;
                }
            bpc = OS__BPC_CHAR;
            break;
        case ASN_OSUBV_U16:
            canonical_unit_bits = unit_bits = 16;
            if (cval->flags & APC_CONSTRAINED)
                {
                    unit_bits = cval->range_bits;
                }
            bpc = OS__BPC_U16;
            break;
        case ASN_OSUBV_U32:
            canonical_unit_bits = unit_bits = 32;
            if (cval->flags & APC_CONSTRAINED)
                {
                    unit_bits = cval->range_bits;
                }
            bpc = OS__BPC_U32;
            break;
        }

    /*
     * Allocate the string.
     */
    if (!st)
        {
            st = (BIT_STRING_t *)(*sptr = CALLOC(1, specs->struct_size));
            if (!st)
                {
                    RETURN(RC_FAIL);
                }
        }

    ASN_DEBUG("PER Decoding %s size %ld .. %ld bits %d",
        csiz->flags & APC_EXTENSIBLE ? "extensible" : "non-extensible",
        csiz->lower_bound, csiz->upper_bound, csiz->effective_bits);

    if (csiz->flags & APC_EXTENSIBLE)
        {
            int inext = per_get_few_bits(pd, 1);
            if (inext < 0)
                {
                    RETURN(RC_WMORE);
                }
            if (inext)
                {
                    csiz = &ASN_DEF_OCTET_STRING_CONSTRAINTS.size;
                    cval = &ASN_DEF_OCTET_STRING_CONSTRAINTS.value;
                    unit_bits = canonical_unit_bits;
                }
        }

    if (csiz->effective_bits >= 0)
        {
            FREEMEM(st->buf);
            if (bpc)
                {
                    st->size = csiz->upper_bound * bpc;
                }
            else
                {
                    st->size = (csiz->upper_bound + 7) >> 3;
                }
            st->buf = (uint8_t *)MALLOC(st->size + 1);
            if (!st->buf)
                {
                    st->size = 0;
                    RETURN(RC_FAIL);
                }
        }

    /* X.691, #16.5: zero-length encoding */
    /* X.691, #16.6: short fixed length encoding (up to 2 octets) */
    /* X.691, #16.7: long fixed length encoding (up to 64K octets) */
    if (csiz->effective_bits == 0)
        {
            int ret;
            if (bpc)
                {
                    ASN_DEBUG("Encoding OCTET STRING size %ld",
                        csiz->upper_bound);
                    ret = OCTET_STRING_per_get_characters(
                        pd, st->buf, csiz->upper_bound, bpc, unit_bits,
                        cval->lower_bound, cval->upper_bound, pc);
                    if (ret > 0)
                        {
                            RETURN(RC_FAIL);
                        }
                }
            else
                {
                    ASN_DEBUG("Encoding BIT STRING size %ld",
                        csiz->upper_bound);
                    ret = per_get_many_bits(pd, st->buf, 0,
                        unit_bits * csiz->upper_bound);
                }
            if (ret < 0)
                {
                    RETURN(RC_WMORE);
                }
            consumed_myself += unit_bits * csiz->upper_bound;
            st->buf[st->size] = 0;
            if (bpc == 0)
                {
                    int ubs = (csiz->upper_bound & 0x7);
                    st->bits_unused = ubs ? 8 - ubs : 0;
                }
            RETURN(RC_OK);
        }

    st->size = 0;
    do
        {
            ssize_t raw_len;
            ssize_t len_bytes;
            ssize_t len_bits;
            void *p;
            int ret;

            /* Get the PER length */
            raw_len = uper_get_length(pd, csiz->effective_bits, &repeat);
            if (raw_len < 0)
                {
                    RETURN(RC_WMORE);
                }
            raw_len += csiz->lower_bound;

            ASN_DEBUG("Got PER length eb %ld, len %ld, %s (%s)",
                (long)csiz->effective_bits, (long)raw_len,
                repeat ? "repeat" : "once", td->name);
            if (bpc)
                {
                    len_bytes = raw_len * bpc;
                    len_bits = len_bytes * unit_bits;
                }
            else
                {
                    len_bits = raw_len;
                    len_bytes = (len_bits + 7) >> 3;
                    if (len_bits & 0x7)
                        {
                            st->bits_unused = 8 - (len_bits & 0x7);
                        }
                    /* len_bits be multiple of 16K if repeat is set */
                }
            p = REALLOC(st->buf, st->size + len_bytes + 1);
            if (!p)
                {
                    RETURN(RC_FAIL);
                }
            st->buf = (uint8_t *)p;

            if (bpc)
                {
                    ret = OCTET_STRING_per_get_characters(
                        pd, &st->buf[st->size], raw_len, bpc, unit_bits,
                        cval->lower_bound, cval->upper_bound, pc);
                    if (ret > 0)
                        {
                            RETURN(RC_FAIL);
                        }
                }
            else
                {
                    ret =
                        per_get_many_bits(pd, &st->buf[st->size], 0, len_bits);
                }
            if (ret < 0)
                {
                    RETURN(RC_WMORE);
                }
            st->size += len_bytes;
        }
    while (repeat);
    st->buf[st->size] = 0; /* nul-terminate */

    return rval;
}

asn_enc_rval_t OCTET_STRING_encode_uper(asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td,
    asn_per_constraints_t *constraints,
    void *sptr, asn_per_outp_t *po)
{
    asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *specs =
        td->specifics ? (asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *)td->specifics
                      : &asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_specs;
    asn_per_constraints_t *pc = constraints ? constraints : td->per_constraints;
    asn_per_constraint_t *cval;
    asn_per_constraint_t *csiz;
    const BIT_STRING_t *st = (const BIT_STRING_t *)sptr;
    asn_enc_rval_t er = {0, 0, 0};
    int inext = 0; /* Lies not within extension root */
    unsigned int unit_bits;
    unsigned int canonical_unit_bits;
    unsigned int sizeinunits;
    const uint8_t *buf;
    int ret;
    enum
    {
        OS__BPC_BIT = 0,
        OS__BPC_CHAR = 1,
        OS__BPC_U16 = 2,
        OS__BPC_U32 = 4
    } bpc; /* Bytes per character */
    int ct_extensible;

    if (!st || (!st->buf && st->size))
        {
            _ASN_ENCODE_FAILED;
        }

    if (pc)
        {
            cval = &pc->value;
            csiz = &pc->size;
        }
    else
        {
            cval = &ASN_DEF_OCTET_STRING_CONSTRAINTS.value;
            csiz = &ASN_DEF_OCTET_STRING_CONSTRAINTS.size;
        }
    ct_extensible = csiz->flags & APC_EXTENSIBLE;

    switch (specs->subvariant)
        {
        default:
        case ASN_OSUBV_ANY:
            _ASN_ENCODE_FAILED;
        case ASN_OSUBV_BIT:
            canonical_unit_bits = unit_bits = 1;
            bpc = OS__BPC_BIT;
            sizeinunits = st->size * 8 - (st->bits_unused & 0x07);
            ASN_DEBUG("BIT STRING of %d bytes, %d bits unused", sizeinunits,
                st->bits_unused);
            break;
        case ASN_OSUBV_STR:
            canonical_unit_bits = unit_bits = 8;
            if (cval->flags & APC_CONSTRAINED)
                {
                    unit_bits = cval->range_bits;
                }
            bpc = OS__BPC_CHAR;
            sizeinunits = st->size;
            break;
        case ASN_OSUBV_U16:
            canonical_unit_bits = unit_bits = 16;
            if (cval->flags & APC_CONSTRAINED)
                {
                    unit_bits = cval->range_bits;
                }
            bpc = OS__BPC_U16;
            sizeinunits = st->size / 2;
            break;
        case ASN_OSUBV_U32:
            canonical_unit_bits = unit_bits = 32;
            if (cval->flags & APC_CONSTRAINED)
                {
                    unit_bits = cval->range_bits;
                }
            bpc = OS__BPC_U32;
            sizeinunits = st->size / 4;
            break;
        }

    ASN_DEBUG(
        "Encoding %s into %d units of %d bits"
        " (%ld..%ld, effective %d)%s",
        td->name, sizeinunits, unit_bits, csiz->lower_bound, csiz->upper_bound,
        csiz->effective_bits, ct_extensible ? " EXT" : "");

    /* Figure out whether size lies within PER visible constraint */

    if (csiz->effective_bits >= 0)
        {
            if ((int)sizeinunits < csiz->lower_bound ||
                (int)sizeinunits > csiz->upper_bound)
                {
                    if (ct_extensible)
                        {
                            cval = &ASN_DEF_OCTET_STRING_CONSTRAINTS.value;
                            csiz = &ASN_DEF_OCTET_STRING_CONSTRAINTS.size;
                            unit_bits = canonical_unit_bits;
                            inext = 1;
                        }
                    else
                        {
                            _ASN_ENCODE_FAILED;
                        }
                }
        }
    else
        {
            inext = 0;
        }

    if (ct_extensible)
        {
            /* Declare whether length is [not] within extension root */
            if (per_put_few_bits(po, inext, 1))
                {
                    _ASN_ENCODE_FAILED;
                }
        }

    /* X.691, #16.5: zero-length encoding */
    /* X.691, #16.6: short fixed length encoding (up to 2 octets) */
    /* X.691, #16.7: long fixed length encoding (up to 64K octets) */
    if (csiz->effective_bits >= 0)
        {
            ASN_DEBUG("Encoding %d bytes (%ld), length in %d bits", st->size,
                sizeinunits - csiz->lower_bound, csiz->effective_bits);
            ret = per_put_few_bits(po, sizeinunits - csiz->lower_bound,
                csiz->effective_bits);
            if (ret)
                {
                    _ASN_ENCODE_FAILED;
                }
            if (bpc)
                {
                    ret = OCTET_STRING_per_put_characters(
                        po, st->buf, sizeinunits, bpc, unit_bits,
                        cval->lower_bound, cval->upper_bound, pc);
                }
            else
                {
                    ret =
                        per_put_many_bits(po, st->buf, sizeinunits * unit_bits);
                }
            if (ret)
                {
                    _ASN_ENCODE_FAILED;
                }
            _ASN_ENCODED_OK(er);
        }

    ASN_DEBUG("Encoding %d bytes", st->size);

    if (sizeinunits == 0)
        {
            if (uper_put_length(po, 0))
                {
                    _ASN_ENCODE_FAILED;
                }
            _ASN_ENCODED_OK(er);
        }

    buf = st->buf;
    while (sizeinunits)
        {
            ssize_t maySave = uper_put_length(po, sizeinunits);
            if (maySave < 0)
                {
                    _ASN_ENCODE_FAILED;
                }

            ASN_DEBUG("Encoding %ld of %ld", (long)maySave, (long)sizeinunits);

            if (bpc)
                {
                    ret = OCTET_STRING_per_put_characters(
                        po, buf, maySave, bpc, unit_bits, cval->lower_bound,
                        cval->upper_bound, pc);
                }
            else
                {
                    ret = per_put_many_bits(po, buf, maySave * unit_bits);
                }
            if (ret)
                {
                    _ASN_ENCODE_FAILED;
                }

            if (bpc)
                {
                    buf += maySave * bpc;
                }
            else
                {
                    buf += maySave >> 3;
                }
            sizeinunits -= maySave;
            assert(!(maySave & 0x07) || !sizeinunits);
        }

    _ASN_ENCODED_OK(er);
}

int OCTET_STRING_print(asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, const void *sptr, int ilevel,
    asn_app_consume_bytes_f *cb, void *app_key)
{
    static const char *h2c = "0123456789ABCDEF";
    const OCTET_STRING_t *st = (const OCTET_STRING_t *)sptr;
    char scratch[16 * 3 + 4];
    char *p = scratch;
    uint8_t *buf;
    uint8_t *end;
    size_t i;

    (void)td; /* Unused argument */

    if (!st || (!st->buf && st->size))
        {
            return (cb("<absent>", 8, app_key) < 0) ? -1 : 0;
        }

    /*
     * Dump the contents of the buffer in hexadecimal.
     */
    buf = st->buf;
    end = buf + st->size;
    for (i = 0; buf < end; buf++, i++)
        {
            if (!(i % 16) && (i || st->size > 16))
                {
                    if (cb(scratch, p - scratch, app_key) < 0)
                        {
                            return -1;
                        }
                    _i_INDENT(1);
                    p = scratch;
                }
            *p++ = h2c[(*buf >> 4) & 0x0F];
            *p++ = h2c[*buf & 0x0F];
            *p++ = 0x20;
        }

    if (p > scratch)
        {
            p--; /* Remove the tail space */
            if (cb(scratch, p - scratch, app_key) < 0)
                {
                    return -1;
                }
        }

    return 0;
}

int OCTET_STRING_print_utf8(asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, const void *sptr,
    int ilevel, asn_app_consume_bytes_f *cb,
    void *app_key)
{
    const OCTET_STRING_t *st = (const OCTET_STRING_t *)sptr;

    (void)td;     /* Unused argument */
    (void)ilevel; /* Unused argument */

    if (st && (st->buf || !st->size))
        {
            return (cb(st->buf, st->size, app_key) < 0) ? -1 : 0;
        }
    else
        {
            return (cb("<absent>", 8, app_key) < 0) ? -1 : 0;
        }
}

void OCTET_STRING_free(asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, void *sptr, int contents_only)
{
    OCTET_STRING_t *st = (OCTET_STRING_t *)sptr;
    asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *specs =
        td->specifics ? (asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *)td->specifics
                      : &asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_specs;
    asn_struct_ctx_t *ctx =
        (asn_struct_ctx_t *)((char *)st + specs->ctx_offset);
    struct stack *stck;

    if (!td || !st)
        {
            return;
        }

    ASN_DEBUG("Freeing %s as OCTET STRING", td->name);

    if (st->buf)
        {
            FREEMEM(st->buf);
            st->buf = 0;
        }

    /*
     * Remove decode-time stack.
     */
    stck = (struct stack *)ctx->ptr;
    if (stck)
        {
            while (stck->tail)
                {
                    struct stack_el *sel = stck->tail;
                    stck->tail = sel->prev;
                    FREEMEM(sel);
                }
            FREEMEM(stck);
        }

    if (!contents_only)
        {
            FREEMEM(st);
        }
}

/*
 * Conversion routines.
 */
int OCTET_STRING_fromBuf(OCTET_STRING_t *st, const char *str, int len)
{
    void *buf;

    if (st == 0 || (str == 0 && len))
        {
            errno = EINVAL;
            return -1;
        }

    /*
     * Clear the OCTET STRING.
     */
    if (str == NULL)
        {
            FREEMEM(st->buf);
            st->buf = 0;
            st->size = 0;
            return 0;
        }

    /* Determine the original string size, if not explicitly given */
    if (len < 0)
        {
            len = strlen(str);
        }

    /* Allocate and fill the memory */
    buf = MALLOC(len + 1);
    if (buf == NULL)
        {
            return -1;
        }

    memcpy(buf, str, len);
    ((uint8_t *)buf)[len] = '\0'; /* Couldn't use memcpy(len+1)! */
    FREEMEM(st->buf);
    st->buf = (uint8_t *)buf;
    st->size = len;

    return 0;
}

OCTET_STRING_t *OCTET_STRING_new_fromBuf(asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td,
    const char *str, int len)
{
    asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *specs =
        td->specifics ? (asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *)td->specifics
                      : &asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_specs;
    OCTET_STRING_t *st;

    st = (OCTET_STRING_t *)CALLOC(1, specs->struct_size);
    if (st && str && OCTET_STRING_fromBuf(st, str, len))
        {
            FREEMEM(st);
            st = NULL;
        }

    return st;
}
